Table 2 Multilevel logistic regression parameter estimates of barrier method usage (standard errors given in brackets)
Parameter | Male | Female | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 0 | Model I | Model II | Model 0 | Model I | Model II | |
Fixed effects | ||||||
 Constant | 1.505* (0.185) | 2.372*** (0.219) | 50.308*** (0.530) | 0.208*** (0.231) | 0.130*** (0.500) | 1.161 (0.444) |
 HIV | ||||||
  Low |  | 1 | 1 |  | 1 | 1 |
  High |  | 0.420*** (0.248) | 0.248*** (0.209) |  | 1.567 (0.414) | 1.174 (0.147) |
 AIDS Knowledge | ||||||
  Low (ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Medium |  |  | 0.956 (0.048) |  |  | 0.885 (0.085) |
  High |  |  | 0.961 (0.094) |  |  | 1.068 (0.068) |
 Survey Year | ||||||
  1990 - 1994 (ref) |  | 1 | 1 |  | 1 | 1 |
  1995 - 1999 |  | 0.922 (0.087) | 1.111 (0.155) |  | 0.653 (0.513) | 0.553 (0.459) |
  2000 - 2004 |  | 0.978 (0.099) | 1.124 (0.165) |  | 1.799 (0.348) | 1.602* (0.210) |
  2005 - 2009 |  | 1.090 (0.110) | 1.305 (0.191) |  | 2.003 (0.384) | 1.715* (0.243) |
  2010 - 2014 |  | 0.838* (0.084) | 0.866 (0.140) |  | 1.510 (0.368) | 1.199 (0.218) |
  2015 - 2019 |  | 0.932 (0.084) | 1.136 (0.222) |  | 1.125 (0.436) | 1.091 (0.283) |
 Marital Status | ||||||
  Never married (ref) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
  In union |  |  | 0.105*** (0.338) |  |  | 0.359*** (0.080) |
  Formerly married |  |  | 0.791 (0.298) |  |  | 0.718*** (0.049) |
 Education | ||||||
  No education (ref) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
  Primary |  |  | 1.120 (0.129) |  |  | 1.426*** (0.107) |
  Secondary |  |  | 1.118 (0.161) |  |  | 1.868*** (0.114) |
  Higher |  |  | 1.024 (0.198) |  |  | 2.320*** (0.081) |
 Age Group | ||||||
  15-19 (ref) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
  20-24 |  |  | 0.609*** (0.085) |  |  | 0.804* (0.086) |
  25-29 |  |  | 0.505*** (0.119) |  |  | 0.852 (0.157) |
  30-34 |  |  | 0.422*** (0.156) |  |  | 0.861 (0.227) |
  35-39 |  |  | 0.429*** (0.172) |  |  | 1.056 (0.283) |
  40-44 |  |  | 0.406*** (0.172) |  |  | 0.963 (0.295) |
  45-49 |  |  | 0.380*** (0.181) |  |  | 1.172 (0.432) |
  50-54 |  |  | 0.433*** (0.211) |  |  | - |
  55-59 |  |  | 0.320*** (0.259) |  |  | - |
 Wealth Status | ||||||
  Poorest (ref) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
  Poorer |  |  | 0.934 (0.090) |  |  | 0.998 (0.076) |
  Middle |  |  | 0.936 (0.158) |  |  | 0.970 (0.064) |
  Richer |  |  | 0.877 (0.163) |  |  | 0.968 (0.094) |
  Richest |  |  | 0.964 (0.144) |  |  | 1.152 (0.135) |
 Religion | ||||||
  No religion (ref) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
  Christian |  |  | 0.958 (0.099) |  |  | 1.001 (0.110) |
  Muslim |  |  | 0.903 (0.162) |  |  | 0.741* (0.135) |
  Traditionalist/Animist |  |  | 1.102 (0.216) |  |  | 1.221 (0.221) |
  Other |  |  | 1.218 (0.128) |  |  | 1.528* (0.200) |
 Type of Place of Residence | ||||||
  Urban (ref) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
  Rural |  |  | 0.823* (0.090) |  |  | 0.869** (0.052) |
 Number of Living Children | ||||||
  None (ref) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
  1–3 children |  |  | 0.442*** (0.151) |  |  | 0.209*** (0.158) |
  4–6 children |  |  | 0.316*** (0.142) |  |  | 0.100*** (0.136) |
  7 or more |  |  | 0.239*** (0.148) |  |  | 0.049*** (0.173) |
 Random Effects | ||||||
  Country | 0.854*** (0.247) | 0.999*** (0.288) | 1.215*** (0.351) | 1.707*** (0.434) | 1.685*** (0.428) | 1.412*** (0.359) |
  ICC - Country | 0.206 | 0.233 | 0.270 | 0.342 | 0.339 | 0.300 |
  AIC | 497,049,330 | 493,814,457 | 600,107,170 | 542,768,349 | 537,759,941 | 575,958,395 |
  BIC | 497,049,347 | 493,814,473 | 600,107,187 | 542,768,366 | 537,759,957 | 575,958,411 |
  Log Likelihood | 497,049,328 | 493,814,455 | 600,107,168 | 542,768,347 | 537,759,939 | 575,958,393 |
  Deviance | -994098656.4 | -987628909.8 | -1,200214336 | -1085536695 | -1075519877 | -1151916785 |