Fig. 1

Study visit (0) or entry is the enrollment or baseline visit. Effective Family planning methods which were based on self-reported contraceptive use at study entry and during study follow-up include Injectable, oral, Intra-Uterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD), and Norplant and all the other family planning methods are classified as ‘other’; self-report sexual frequency assessed at each study visit, was defined as the proportion of women who self-reported 2 or more sexual encounters per week. HIV-infection status was based on HIV test results at study entry (enrollment)