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Table 2 Predictors of modern contraceptive utilization among women in union in Papua New Guinea (N = 2345)

From: Modern contraceptive utilization and associated factors among married and cohabiting women in Papua New Guinea: a population-based cross-sectional study

Variable

COR[95%CI]

AOR [95%CI]

Age

 15–19

5.167***[2.245,11.89]

7.425***[2.853,19.32]

 20–24

4.786***[3.084,7.428]

6.312***[3.591,11.10]

 25–29

4.360***[2.897,6.560]

5.333***[3.281,8.669]

 30–34

2.716***[1.824,4.046]

2.803***[1.811,4.338]

 35–39

2.357***[1.563,3.554]

2.352***[1.544,3.584]

 40–44

1.651*[1.069,2.549]

1.500 [0.966,2.330]

 45–49

Ref

Ref

Marital status

 Married

1.027 [0.787,1.339]

–

 Cohabiting

Ref

Ref

Residence

 Urban

1.203 [0.972,1.488]

–

 Rural

Ref

Ref

Region

 Southern region

Ref

Ref

 Highlands region

1.539** [1.119,2.118]

1.521* [1.086,2.131]

 Momase region

0.883 [0.674,1.157]

1.03 [0.773,1.373]

 Islands region

0.292***[0.229,0.372]

0.291***[0.224,0.377]

Highest educational level

 No education

Ref

Ref

 Primary

1.04 [0.798,1.355]

1.32 [0.985,1.769]

 Secondary

1.02 [0.767,1.357]

1.3 [0.912,1.853]

 Higher

0.546** [0.353,0.845]

1.086 [0.577,2.047]

Husband/partner’s educational level

 No education

Ref

Ref

 Primary

0.578**[0.411,0.813]

0.737 [0.505,1.076]

 Secondary

0.772 [0.542,1.099]

0.881 [0.585,1.325]

 Higher

0.462***[0.304,0.701]

0.531* [0.318,0.886]

Wealth status

 Poorest

Ref

Ref

 Poor

1.369 [0.943,1.988]

–

 Middle

0.96 [0.684,1.347]

–

 Rich

1.156 [0.838,1.597]

–

 Richest

1.102 [0.801,1.516]

–

Employment

 Not working

Ref

Ref

 Professional/technical/managerial

0.538***[0.384,0.756]

0.643* [0.420,0.986]

 Clerical

1.241 [0.661,2.329]

1.082 [0.519,2.257]

 Sales

1.197 [0.782,1.833]

1.299 [0.822,2.054]

 Agricultural - self employed

1.637** [1.203,2.228]

1.710**[1.218,2.400]

 Agricultural - employee

0.916 [0.464,1.809]

1.246 [0.551,2.817]

 Services

1.442*[1.022,2.036]

1.385 [0.944,2.031]

 Skilled manual

0.855 [0.220,3.325]

0.646 [0.188,2.223]

Total children ever born

 1–2

1.538***[1.219,1.940]

1.333 [0.496,3.585]

 3–4

1.543***[1.218,1.955]

1.485 [0.788,2.800]

 5+

Ref

Ref

Number of living children

 No child

0.543 [0.180,1.642]

0.213*[0.0498,0.911]

 1–2

1.517***[1.195,1.925]

0.469 [0.175,1.257]

 3–4

1.472** [1.154,1.877]

0.665 [0.352,1.258]

 5+

Ref

Ref

Age at first sex

  < 18 yrs

1.934***[1.358,2.755]

0.961 [0.616,1.501]

 18–24

1.747**[1.247,2.448]

1.158 [0.777,1.727]

 25+

Ref

Ref

Age at first childbirth

  < 18

1.909***[1.396,2.610]

0.892 [0.568,1.401]

 18–24

1.638***[1.289,2.082]

0.992 [0.722,1.363]

 25+

Ref

Ref

Partner desire for children

 Both want same

Ref

Ref

 Husband wants more

1.370*[1.054,1.781]

1.318 [0.984,1.765]

 Husband wants fewer

1.604 [0.913,2.817]

1.433 [0.764,2.689]

 Don’t know

1.307*[1.055,1.620]

1.286* [1.015,1.630]

Decision maker for using contraception

 Mainly respondent

1.280*[1.028,1.594]

1.2 [0.934,1.542]

 Mainly husband, partner

0.926 [0.699,1.226]

0.923 [0.683,1.247]

 Joint decision

Ref

Ref

 Other

0.937 [0.388,2.261]

0.876 [0.333,2.303]

Frequency of listening to radio

 Not at all

Ref

Ref

 Less than once a week

1.356* [1.060,1.734]

1.320*[1.001,1.741]

 At least once a week

1.409** [1.096,1.813]

1.409* [1.048,1.895]

Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine

 Not at all

Ref

Ref

 Less than once a week

1.077 [0.857,1.353]

–

 At least once a week

1.088 [0.851,1.391]

–

Frequency of watching television

 Not at all

Ref

Ref

 Less than once a week

1.102 [0.813,1.493]

–

 At least once a week

1.286 [0.983,1.682]

–

 N

 

2345

  1. Source: 2016–18 PNG DHS
  2. Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in square brackets
  3. * p < 0.05
  4. ** p < 0.01
  5. *** p < 0.001
  6. ref. reference, CI confidence interval, COR Crude Odds Ratio, AOR Adjusted Odds Ratios