Individual and community-level factors associated with modern contraceptive use among adolescent girls and young women in Mali: a mixed effects multilevel analysis of the 2018 Mali demographic and health survey

Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Seidu, Abdul-Aziz; Appiah, Francis; Budu, Eugene; Adu, Collins; Aderoju, Yaa Boahemaa Gyasi; Adoboi, Faustina; Ajayi, Anthony Idowu

doi:10.1186/s40834-020-00132-7

Table 2 Mixed effects results on individual and community-level factors associated with modern contraceptive use among AGYW in Mali

From: Individual and community-level factors associated with modern contraceptive use among adolescent girls and young women in Mali: a mixed effects multilevel analysis of the 2018 Mali demographic and health survey

Variables	Model 0	Model 1 aOR[95%CI]	Model 2 aOR[95%CI]	Model 3 aOR[95%CI]
Age
15–19		0.90 [0.68–1.19]		0.90 [0.68–1.20]
20–24		1		1
Marital status
Not married		0.58 [0.28–1.22]		1.59 [0.28–1.24]
Married		0.19^***[0.09–0.40]		0.20^***[0.09–0.41]
Cohabiting		1		1
Widowed		0.60 [0.24–1.54]		0.61 [0.24–1.56]
Educational level
No education		0.41^***[0.31–0.55]		0.43^***[0.32–0.59]
Primary		0.43^***[0.29–0.62]		0.43^***[0.29–0.63]
Secondary/higher		1		1
Employment status
Not working		0.95 [0.74–1.22]		0.97 [0.75–1.24]
Working		1		1
Wealth quintile
Poorest		0.37^***[0.21–0.65]		0.38^**[0.19–0.79]
Poorer		0.46^***[0.28–0.75]		0.45^*[0.23–0.86]
Middle		0.80 [0.53–1.19]		0.77 [0.43–1.36]
Richer		1.15 [0.83–1.59]		1.11 [0.74–1.67]
Richest		1		1
Parity
Zero birth		0.37^***[0.26–0.52]		0.38^***[0.27–0.53]
One birth		1		1
Two births		1.38 [1.00–1.92]		1.40^* [1.01–1.94]
Three births		1.84^**[1.23–2.75]		1.85^**[1.24–2.77]
Four or more births
Ethnicity
Bambara		0.86 [0.56–1.31]		0.86 [0.55–1.32]
Malinka		0.75 [0.43–1.31]		0.77 [0.44–1.34]
Peulh		0.52^*[0.30–0.89]		0.53^*[0.31–0.91]
Sarakole		0.66 [0.36–1.21]		0.68 [0.37–1.24]
Sonreal		0.39^**[0.21–0.70]		0.43^**[0.23–0.77]
Dogon		1.35 [0.75–2.46]		1.34 [0.74–2.43]
Touaeg		0.34^**[0.16–0.73]		0.42^*[0.19–0.91]
Sonoufo		1		1
Bobo		0.83 [0.30–2.28]		0.80 [0.29–2.20]
Others		0.83 [0.45–1.52]		0.83 [0.45–1.51]
Exposure to mass media
No		0.92 [0.63–1.33]		0.96 [0.66–1.39]
Yes		1		1
Desire for more children
Have another		1		1
Undecided		0.35^* [0.13–0.98]		0.36 [0.13–1.00]
No more		0.93 [0.31–1.55]		0.98 [0.43–2.21]
Ideal number of children
0–3		1		1
4–5		0.97 [0.65–1.42]		0.93 [0.63–1.38]
6+		0.67 [0.44–1.01]		0.66^*[0.43–0.99]
Place of Residence
Urban			1	1
Rural			1.28 [0.83–1.99]	1.15 [0.72–1.83]
Community literacy level
Low			0.39^***[0.25–0.63]	0.77 [0.45–1.27]
Moderate			0.59^***[0.40–0.86]	0.79 [0.54–1.16]
High			1	1
Community socio-economic status
Low			0.67 [0.41–1.10]	1.18 [0.67–2.08]
Moderate			0.84 [0.46–1.54]	1.13 [0.61–2.11]
High			1	1
Community knowledge of modern method
Low			0.43^***[0.30–0.60]	0.60^** [0.42–0.85]
Moderate			1	1
Random effect result
PSU variance (95% CI)	0.83 (0.54–1.29)	0.31 (0.15–0.67)	0.42 (0.22–0.78)	0.29 (0.13–0.64)
ICC	20.2%	8.7%	11.2%	8.1%
LR Test	χ² = 65.73, p < 0.001	χ² = 12.15, p < 0.05	χ² = 21.12, p < 0.001	χ² = 10.73, p < 0.05
Wald chi-square	Reference	206.79^***	76.53^***	209.73^***
Model fitness
Log-likelihood	− 1096.70	−972.84	− 1056.96	−967.29
AIC	2197.41	2005.68	2129.91	2005.58
BIC	2209.16	2182.02	2176.94	2218.19
N	2639	2639	2639	2639

Source: 2018 Mali Demographic and Health Survey
^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001
1 Reference category, PSU Primary Sampling Unit, ICC Intra-Class Correlation, LR Test Likelihood ratio Test, AIC Akaike’s Information Criterion; Bayesian information criterion

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