Table 3 Policy implications

Oye-Adeniran/2006

Health-care providers should be trained to offer counseling services to all clients in general, and young, unmarried and uneducated women in particular in order to improve their acceptance of contraceptives.

Okanlawon/2010

Findings may aid in development of targeted interventions to educate refugee youths in order to dispel misconceptions about the safety of contraceptives and ensure adequate access to family planning services

Umoh/2011

There’s need to tackle known obstacles to contraceptive uptake. Also targeted campaign and every available opportunity should be used to provide reproductive counselling to women especially on contraception

Idris/2013

It is recommended that while there is need to raise awareness on the utilisation of maternal health services, bring it closer to the mothers and make it more affordable, there is a more pressing need to improve its quality, especially through the alleviation of negative attitude of health care providers.

Asekun-Olarinmoye/2013

It is recommended that a community-based behavioral-change communication program be instituted, aimed at improving the awareness and perceptions of women with respect to desire for more children, at bridging the knowledge gaps about contraceptive methods, and at changing the deep-seated negative beliefs related to contraceptive use in Nigeria

Eluwa/2016

Scale-up of postpartum IUD services is a promising approach to increasing uptake of long-acting reversible contraceptives among women in Nigeria.

Ugboaja/2011

The use of more reliable methods should be encouraged through sensitization campaigns

Egede/2015

More education and campaigning is still

needed to improve the presently low prevalence and utilization of contraception

Adebayo/2016

Concerted effort at increasing uptake is advocated to bridge the gap between client counselling and uptake.

Durowade/2017

The campaigns for family planning services should aim at the misconceptions in order to drive the demand and remove the barriers. The influence of the male partner should also be considered, and more male friendly services should be incorporated into the practice of family planning

Schwandt/2017

A constellation of creative interventions aimed at reducing, and eventually eliminating provider imposed restrictions to family planning use in Urban Nigeria are needed urgently to make family planning truly accessible

Solanke

The scope, content, and coverage of existing BCC messages should be extended to cover the contraceptive needs and challenges of women of advanced reproductive age in the country.

Etokidem/2017

The findings of this study suggest that family planning uptake would increase if couples make joint decision in this regard. There is also a need to ensure a change of behavior and attitude.

Okigbo, 2014

There is need to modify existing programs or to develop new programs/policies that consider gender and cultural influence on family planning service utilization and method uptake. There is a need to increase the self-efficacy of the clients towards contraceptive use and spousal communication about family planning in general

Adebowale 2011

Understanding the mechanisms that underline the

relationships between contraceptive use and demographic characteristics are crucial in designing effective public

policies aimed at improving maternal health.

Nwachukwu 2008

Governments and NGOs should provide more educational opportunities in the rural areas for

the purpose of teaching birth control methods.

More primary health centers, with strong family

planning facilities should be made available in the rural areas. It is also necessary for religious leaders to be targeted for more education on the benefits of Modern Birth Control Method use.

Akamike 2019

Community-based interventions such as training of community resource persons particularly men is of great importance in improving

uptake of health services

Abiodun 2015

There is a need for targeted health education campaign to

promote consistent and proper condom use among young people.

It is important that programmes and policies should be engen-

dered to improve the knowledge of university students and address

misconception about EC. There is also a need to deliberately engage health workers in the promotion of EC and in making the commodities readily accessible to university students and young people in general

Adeyemi 2016

There needs to be a conscious effort to educate women about contraception and encourage its use. Reproductive health programs and policies should adequately involve male partners/men.

Researchers should seek to explore all avenues to make contraception a “couple thing” from inception

Bishwajit 2018

It is recommended that policy makers place special emphasis on developing strategies to protect women from any form of perpetration and to integrate gender issues to matters that concern women’s

reproductive health

Chimah 2016

Efforts should be intensified to promote safe sexual practice including effective contraceptive use among secondary school students.

Johnson 2017

Measures should be taken to improve female literacy and employment

Omo-Aghoja 2009

Effective educational and counseling interventions are likely to improve knowledge and uptake

Adefalu 2019

Increased political and financial buy-in, especially at the state and local government levels, needs to be developed.

Policies that allow larger pool of providers to be available in all channels, such as task shifting should be positioned to address the problem of inadequate manpower plaguing the public health system in the North.The power of social networks in influencing reproductive health, may serve as an effective route of effecting FP behavioral change.

Sinai 2019

Programmatic interventions at home, in the community and at the facility should capitalise on the changing cognitive and emotional ideation to increase demand for contraception and address barriers to contraceptive uptake

Ankomah 2013

Family planning interventions should concentrate on the benefits of family planning at the family level and not at the state or national level

Aransiola 2014

To significantly improve family planning adoption rates among urban slum dwellers in Nigeria, there is the need to specifically and specially target men alongside their female partners as well as other stakeholders who have significant influences at family and community level