Table 3 Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis result of both individual and community-level factors associated with unmet need for family planning in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016

Residence

 Urban

1

1

 Rural

1.96 (1.41, 2.72)

1.37*(1.01,1.93)

Region

 Tigray

1

1

 Amhara

0.87 (0.66, 1.16)

0.89 (0.66,1.20)

 Afar

1.03 (0.74,1.42)

0.69 (0.45,1.05)

 Oromia

1.79 (1.38,2.31)

1.53*(1.10,2.11)

 Somali

0.55 (0.37,0.82)

0.37***(0.22,0.61)

 Benishangul Gumuz

1.32 (1.01,1.73)

0.99 (0.73,1.37)

 SNNPR

1.23 (0.93,1.61)

1.02 (0.74,1.40)

 Gambella

1.90 (1.28,2.81)

1.94**(1.26,3.01)

 Harari

1.69 (1.26,2.26)

1.26 (0.86,1.84)

 Addis Ababa

0.87 (0.59,1.29)

1.19 (0.80,1.77)

 Dire-Dawa

1.56 (1.07,2.28)

1.25 (0.80,1.96)

Age of respondents

 15–19 years

1

1

 20–24 years

0.90 (1.10,1.74)

0.89 (0.62,1.28)

 25–49 years

0.97 (0.69,1.35)

0.97 (0.69,1.36)

Marital status

 Never in union

1

1

 Married or in unions

26.72 (11.55,61.83)

25.70***(11.50, 60.42)

 Separated/divorced/widowed

1.51 (0.46,4.95)

1.55 (0.47,5.09)

Religion

 Orthodox

1

1

 Muslim

1.38 (1.11,1.74)

1.35*(1.03,1.76)

 Protestant

0.87 (0.67,1.13)

0.73*(0.54,0.99)

 Catholic/traditions/others

2.08 (1.22, 3.54)

1.67 (0.96,2.91)

Wealth status

 Rich

1

1

 Average

1.22 (0.96,1.55)

1.15 (0.90,1.48)

 Poor

1.46 (1.18,1.81)

1.43**(1.14,1.79)

Women’s education

 No education

1

1

 Primary education

1.17 (0.96,1.42)

1.16 (0.95, 1.42)

 Secondary education

1.14 (0.76,1.70)

1.23 (0.82,1.86)

 Higher education

1.20 (0.75,1.93)

1.37 (0.71,1.74)

Living children with the current pregnancy

 Less than five

1

1

 Five and above

2.00 (1.65,2.43)

1.98***(1.62,2.41)

Age at first marriage

 Below 15 years

1

1

 15–24 years

0.89 (0.74,1.07)

0.89 (0.74,1.07)

 25 and above years

0.76 (0.46,1.24)

0.76 (0.46,1.24)

Knowledge of any FP methods

 No

1

1

 Yes

2.28 (1.26,4.14)

1.56 (0.84,2.87)

Media exposure

 No

1

1

 Yes

0.94 (0.76,1.16)

0.95 (0.77,1.17)

Visited by family planning workers within 12 months

 No

1

1

 Yes

0.98 (0.84,1.15)

0.96 (0.83,1.14)

Visited health facility within 12 months

 No

1

1

 Yes

0.92 (0.76,1.01)

0.92 (0.77,1.11)

Community-level education

 Low

1

1

 High

0.85 (0.69,1.04)

0.90 (0.72,1.14)

Community-level media exposure

 Low

1

1

 High

0.69 (0.55,0.85)

0.98 (0.79,1.21)

Random effects

 ICC

35.8

24.9

23.3

20.3

 Log-likelihood (LL)

-6021.24

-5160.85

-5938.67

-5126.52

 Deviance(-2LL)

12,042.48

10,321.70

11,877.34

10,253.04

 PCV-Explained variation

Ref

40.5

46.6

54.3

 MOR

2.07

1.75

1.69

1.62