Table 3 Mixed-effects results on the predictors of modern contraceptive use among women with no fertility intention in sub-Saharan Africa
Variables | Model 0 | Model I aOR(95%CI) | Model II aOR(95%CI) | Model III aOR(95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
15–19 | 1 | 1 | ||
20–24 | 1.20* (1.04–1.40) | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) | ||
25–29 | 1.26** (1.08–1.46) | 0.95 (0.81–1.17) | ||
30–34 | 1.26** (1.08–1.47) | 0.92 (0.78–1.08) | ||
35–39 | 1.13 (0.74–1.32) | 0.86 (0.73–1.01) | ||
40–44 | 0.86 (0.74–1.01) | 0.66*** (0.56–0.78) | ||
45–49 | 0.43*** (0.37–0.50) | 0.33*** (0.28–0.39) | ||
Marital status | ||||
Married | 1 | 1 | ||
Not married | 0.72*** (0.66–0.77) | 0.59*** (0.55–0.65) | ||
Cohabiting | 0.61*** (0.58–0.64) | 0.73*** (0.69–0.76) | ||
Widowed | 0.34*** (0.31–0.37) | 0.31*** (0.28–0.33) | ||
Divorced | 0.56*** (0.53–0.60) | 0.55*** (0.52–0.59) | ||
Religion | ||||
Christianity | 1 | 1 | ||
Islam | 0.53*** (0.50–0.55) | 0.60*** (0.57–0.63) | ||
Traditional | 0.51*** (0.44–0.57) | 0.78*** (0.69–0.89) | ||
No religion | 0.72*** (0.64–0.81) | 0.81*** (0.75–0.91) | ||
Employment status | ||||
Working | 1 | 1 | ||
Not working | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 0.89*** (0.85–0.93) | ||
Age at first sex | ||||
Less than 15 | 1 | 1 | ||
15–19 | 1.23*** (1.18–1.28) | 1.12*** (1.07–1.17) | ||
20+ | 1.15*** (1.09–1.22) | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | ||
Parity | ||||
No birth | 1 | 1 | ||
One birth | 3.41*** (2.81–4.14) | 3.66*** (3.00–4.48) | ||
Two births | 6.13*** (5.03–7.47) | 7.59*** (6.18–9.32) | ||
Three births | 6.30*** (5.16–7.70) | 8.85*** (7.19–10.90) | ||
Four or more births | 5.55*** (4.54–6.77) | 8.78*** (7.13–10.82) | ||
Education | ||||
No education | 1 | 1 | ||
Primary | 1.96*** (1.88–2.05) | 1.56*** (1.49–1.63) | ||
Secondary | 2.05*** (1.95–2.16) | 1.75*** (1.65–1.85) | ||
Higher | 2.23*** (2.03–2.45) | 1.93*** (1.75–2.13) | ||
Exposure to newspaper | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.40*** (1.34–1.46) | 1.15*** (1.10–1.20) | ||
Exposure to radio | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.31*** (1.26–1.35) | 1.21*** (1.17–1.26) | ||
Exposure to television | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | ||
Residence | ||||
Rural | 1 | 1 | ||
Urban | 1.05* (1.01–1.10) | 1.06** (1.02–1.11) | ||
Wealth index | ||||
Poorest | 1 | 1 | ||
Poorer | 1.36*** (1.39–1.43) | 1.26*** (1.19–1.33) | ||
Middle | 1.53*** (1.45–1.61) | 1.34*** (1.27–1.41) | ||
Richer | 1.70*** (1.61–1.80) | 1.44*** (1.35–1.52) | ||
Richest | 1.99*** (1.86–2.13) | 1.55*** (1.43–1.67) | ||
Community literacy level | ||||
Low | 1 | 1 | ||
Medium | 1.27*** (1.23–1.32) | 1.11*** (1.06–1.16) | ||
High | 1.12*** (1.07–1.17) | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | ||
Community socioeconomic status | ||||
Low | 1 | 1 | ||
Medium | 1.14*** (1.08–1.20) | 1.17*** (1.10–1.23) | ||
High | 1.06* (1.01–1.12) | 1.13*** (1.07–1.19) | ||
Community knowledge of modern contraceptive method | ||||
Low | 1 | 1 | ||
Medium | 0.77*** (0.70–0.84) | 0.81*** (0.74–0.89) | ||
Sub-region | ||||
West Africa | 1 | 1 | ||
East Africa | 2.62*** (2.52–2.72) | 2.16*** (2.07–2.27) | ||
Central Africa | 0.66*** (0.62–0.72) | 0.57*** (0.52–0.62) | ||
Southern Africa | 5.08*** (5.08–5.85) | 5.29*** (4.86–5.76) | ||
Random effect result | ||||
PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.03 (0.02–0.04) | 0.02 (0.02–0.03) | 0.02 (0.02–0.03) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) |
ICC | 0.009398 | 0.0073918 | 0.0066778 | 0.0059027 |
LR Test | Chi-square = 93.90, p < 0.0001 | Chi-square = 60.28, p < 0.0001 | Chi-square = 52.94, p < 0.0001 | Chi-square = 39.24, p < 0.0001 |
Wald chi-square | Reference | 8014.01*** | 6928.45*** | 11,041.57*** |
Model fitness | ||||
Log-likelihood | −52,079.447 | −47,165.892 | −48.68.293 | −44,895.43 |
AIC | 104,162.9 | 94,387.78 | 96,166.59 | 89,872.86 |
N | 87,554 | 87,554 | 87,554 | 87,554 |
Number of clusters | 1605 | 1605 | 1605 | 1605 |