Table 4 Multivariable multilevel multinomial logistic regression analysis for factors associated with contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa

Age (years)

15–34

35–49

1.00

0.60 (0.57, 0.63) ***

1.00

1.71 (1.5, 1.91) ***

1.00

1.28 (1.14, 1.43) ***

Number and sex of living children

One or two: son(s) only

Two: one son, one daughter

Three: one son, two daughters

Three: two sons, one daughter

Four: one son, three daughters

Four: two sons, two daughters

Three or more sons

At least one daughter

Other

0.99 (0.92, 1.05)

0.96 (0.88, 1.05)

0.85 (0.75, 0.95) **

0.81 (0.72, 0.92) **

0.66 (0.54, 0.80) ***

0.59 (0.50, 0.69) ***

0.75 (0.63, 0.91) **

1.03 (0.98, 1.09)

1.00

1.13 (1.00, 1.28) *

1.30 (1.12, 1.51) **

1.44 (1.20, 1.72) ***

1.07 (0.86, 1.32)

1.69 (1.3, 2.18) ***

1.02 (0.78, 1.31)

1.09 (0.80, 1.49)

1.20 (1.08, 1.33) **

1.00

0.97 (0.84, 1.12)

0.89 (0.73, 1.08)

0.82 (0.64, 1.06)

0.76 (0.58, 1.01)

0.80 (0.54, 1.20)

0.52 (0.35, 0.78) *

0.71 (0.46, 1.09)

0.92 (0.81, 1.04)

1.00

Wealth

Poorest

Poorer

Middle

Richer

Richer

1.00

1.09 (1.02, 1.17) *

1.26 (1.18, 1.35) ***

1.33 (1.24, 1.44) ***

1.32 (1.21, 1.44) ***

1.00

1.14 (0.98, 1.32)

1.40 (1.21, 1.61) ***

1.82 (1.58, 2.10) ***

2.49 (2.12, 2.92) ***

1.00

1.28 (1.05, 1.57) *

1.59 (1.31, 1.93) ***

2.70 (1.71, 2.50) ***

2.68 (2.19, 3.28) ***

Respondent education

No formal education

Primary

Secondary

Higher

1.00

2.10 (1.99, 2.22) ***

2.54 (2.36, 2.73) ***

3.13 (2.76, 3.56) ***

1.00

2.32 (2.10, 2.57) ***

1.81 (1.57, 2.09) ***

2.69 (2.15, 3.38) ***

1.00

2.50 (2.18, 2.86) ***

3.36 (2.86, 3.96) ***

4.44 (3.49, 5.64) ***

Husband education

No formal education

Primary

Secondary

Higher

1.00

1.87 (1.77, 1.98) ***

1.72 (1.6, 1.83) ***

1.42 (1.28, 1.57) ***

1.00

3.57 (3.16, 4.02) ***

2.16 (1.87, 2.49) ***

2.34 (1.91, 2.84) ***

1,00

2.00 (1.74, 2.30) ***

1.48 (1.27, 1.74) ***

1.23 (1.00, 1.53) *

Currently working/occupation

No

Yes

1.00

0.98 (0.93, 1.02)

1.00

1.19 (1.08, 1.30) ***

1.00

1.83 (1.62, 2.07) ***

Sex of household head

Male

Female

1.00

0.78 (0.74, 0.83) ***

1.00

0.66 (0.59, 0.75) ***

1.00

0.67 (0.58, 0.77) ***

Residence

Urban

Rural

1.00

1.36 (1.29, 1.44) ***

1.00

1.97 (1.77, 2.19) ***

1.00

1.21 (1.08, 1.35) ***

Media exposure

Not Exposed

Exposed to one media

Exposed to two media

Exposed to all media

1.00

1.29 (1.228424 1.35)

1.23 (1.14, 1.31)

1.27 (1.14, 1.44)

1.00

1.41 (1.29, 1.53) ***

1.11 (0.97, 1.26)

1.53 (1.27, 1.84) ***

1.00

1.53 (1.38, 1.70) ***

1.44 (1.25, 1.65) ***

1.31 (1.07, 1.60) ***

Women solely decide

Household decisions

No

Yes

1.00

0.86 (0.79, 0.93) ***

1.00

0.86 (0.74, 1.01)

1.00

0.75 (0.62, 0.91) **

Random effect model

Variance (standard error) of the null model

0.174 (0.015)

ICC of the null model

0.050

Variance (standard error) of the final model

0.0659(0.009)

ICC of the final model

0.020