Skip to main content
Download PDF

Uptake of modern contraceptive methods among women of reproductive age in Chake District-Pemba Tanzania: a descriptive crossectional study

Contraception and Reproductive Medicine volume 8, Article number: 35 (2023) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The uptake of the modern contraceptive method provides chances for women and couples to reach optimal child spacing, achieve the desired family size and prevent unsafe abortions and maternal deaths. Despite the efforts in the health sector still, the contraceptive prevalence rate in Zanzibar remains low (9.1%). In Pemba, few studies have been done on modern contraceptive uptake and little is known about factors that hinder the uptake of modern contraceptives among women of reproductive age. This study investigated the uptake of modern contraceptive methods among women of reproductive age (18-45 years) and its associated factors.

Methods

This was a quantitative cross-sectional study conducted in Chake District Hospital, Pemba Tanzania. A stratified random sampling technique was used to recruit 214 eligible participants for the study. After we informed the participants, data were collected using a structured English questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 25, descriptive analysis was done to determine frequencies. A chi-square test was done to determine the association between the study variables and multivariate logistic regression to check the nature and strength of the association. The p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

This study included 214 women of with majority 79(36.9%) at the age group of 21-30 years, 100(46.7%) had secondary education and 187(87.4%) married. Most of the participants 212(99.1%) have heard about modern contraceptives, with health facilities being the common source of information191(45.3). More than half 120(56.1%) of the participants were not using any modern contraceptive method and injectable 38(40.4%) was the commonly reported method among users. Among the users of modern contraceptives, lack of power to decide 180(84.1%), fear of divorce 141(65.9%), and social perception of users as the cause of reduced workforce in the future 161(75.2%) were common barriers. Participants provided suggestions to improve modern contraceptive uptake including male involvement 203(94.9%) and community awareness 182(85%). Further analysis revealed women with college/university education were 2 times more likely to use modern contraceptives method compared to those with primary or not attended school(p=0.023, OR=2.437, 95% CI: 1.129-5.259). Moreover employed women were 2 times more likely to use modern contraceptives compared to unemployed/housewives (p=0.028, OR=1.844, CI=1.068-3.185).

Conclusion

This study assesses the uptake of modern contraceptives among women of reproductive age. Results showed a low uptake of modern contraceptives in this population.

Although the observation in this study is similar to those reported in other countries, the updated information is still important to the policymakers and the Ministry of Health in the studied district.

Introduction

Background

The uptake of modern contraceptives (pills, injectables, intra- uterine contraceptive device, implant, condom, female sterilization, male sterilization) remains a public health concern in most countries. In 2019 among 1.9 billion women of reproductive age, 1.1 billion needed family planning, out of these 842 million used modern contraceptives and 270 million had unmet needs for modern contraceptives [1, 2]. Global estimates for the need for family planning suggest an increase to 1.19 billion women by 2030 and 918 million users of modern contraceptives, with more than half from low and middle-income countries [1]. Most of the countries with women of reproductive age in need of preventing pregnancy but not using any modern contraceptive are from Sub-Sahara Africa [3]. Modern contraceptive use rate for women aged 15-49 is twice high among women living in high-income countries compared to low-income countries 67%, and 34% respectively [4, 5].

In sub-Saharan Africa fertility rate is high while modern contraceptive uptake is low; every year there are 14 million unwanted pregnancies and 25% of women of reproductive age do not meet the need for modern contraceptive use [6, 7]. In Tanzania, the prevalence of modern contraceptive use among women of reproductive age (15-45) is 32% [7, 8]. In Zanzibar, although the government provides free modern contraceptive methods both in Unguja and Pemba, its prevalence rate remains low (28%) [5, 9]. In 2016, in Zanzibar, there was a minor decrease in the unmet need for contraception to 28% but of all the demand modern contraceptive was supposed to cover 27.3% [10]. Modern contraceptive uptake in Pemba is (9.1%) which is even very low than in any other region of Tanzania [5].

The use of modern contraceptives has been reported to have several benefits such as; prevention of unwanted pregnancy, ensuring proper family size and children at planned intervals, giving lactation mother women enough time to recover, taking care of the new-born and allowing them to participate in other social and economic activities [11]. Moreover, modern contraceptive use has been useful in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDs, ensuring steady population growth which reduces competition on the available resources [12, 13].

Previous studies reported that the unmet need for modern contraceptive use may be associated with several outcomes including increased risk of pregnancy-related problems, increasing unsafe abortion, poverty and diminished economic security for the communities and households, and increased maternal deaths [5, 14]. In Tanzania, maternal mortality rate (MMR) infant mortality rate (IMR), and neonatal mortality rate (NMR) is 556 death/100,000 live births, 43 deaths/1000 live births, and 25 deaths/1000 live births respectively [5, 14, 15]. Deaths of women of reproductive age who are considered an economically productive group are associated with economic decline at the family and national level [16].

In Tanzania studies have been done to determine the prevalence and factors associated with modern contraceptive use, however, the focus has been on urban areas. In Zanzibar, especially Pemba few studies have been done on modern contraceptive use [17, 18]. This study assessed the uptake of modern contraceptives and their associated factors among women of reproductive age (18- 45) in Chake District, Pemba.

Methodology

Aim of the study

This study aims to assess the uptake of modern contraceptives and their associated factors among women of reproductive age (18- 45).

Study design

The study used a quantitative cross-sectional design to assess the uptake of modern contraceptives, data collected from October to December 2020.

Study setting

This study was conducted in Chake District Hospital, Pemba Tanzania. Chake District Hospital is a public institution located in the urban area of the island that provides services to the community around and receives referrals from lower-level health facilities. The hospital has several departments such as obstetrics and gynecology, general inpatient and outpatient medical and surgical services, and reproductive and child health clinic (RCH). The RCH provides antenatal care (ANC) and postnatal services on weekdays without payment. The clinic provides services to about 50 women who come to the RCH clinic daily and approximately 1000 each month.

Study population

This study targeted women of reproductive age (18-45) years accessing RCH services at Chake District Hospital.

Sample size

This study included a total sample of 214 participants which was calculated using Cochran's formula [19].

$$\mathrm{n }= \frac{{\mathrm{Z}}^{2}\mathrm{ pq}}{{\mathrm{e}}^{2}}$$

Where n is the sample size, z is the z – score = 1.96 on the normal standard variable curve corresponding to 95% confidence level, e is the desired level of precision, e=0.05 and q =1 – p where p = proportion of the population with the characteristic of interest = 14.3%. This p-value was adopted from a study done in the Democratic Republic of Congo which reported that only 14.3% of the population used modern contraceptive methods [20].

$$\mathrm{n}= \frac{1.9{6}^{2}\mathrm{ x }0.143\mathrm{ x }0.857}{0.0{5}^{2}}$$
$$\mathrm{n}= 188$$

Therefore, the final sample size for this study was 188 + 10% of the sample for incomplete questionnaires and non-response = 207 participants.

Sampling technique

This study used a stratified random sampling technique to recruit 214 participants. Women coming for RCH services met in two points which were the identified strata; Strata 1 included women accessing ANC services (family planning, prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT), screening for cervical cancer, growth monitoring and plotting (GMP); Strata 2 included women accessing post-natal services (post-natal care, immunization for under five, sick children and management of women with gynecological problems). Each stratum contributed a minimum of 50% of the required sample. From the specific clinics approximately 27 participants were randomly selected in each stratum until the final number was achieved.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The study included women of reproductive age (18-45 years) attending the RCH clinic in Chake Hospital while women with serious mental or medical illnesses or taking care of very sick children were excluded.

Research tool

Data for this study were collected using a structured English/Swahili translated questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed following a thorough review of published studies on barriers and factors associated with modern contraceptive uptake conducted in different countries [13, 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. The questionnaire comprised three sections with multiple choices; Section A: demographic information; Section B: Questions on modern contraceptive uptake and its associated factors; Section C: other influencing factors and suggestions to improve modern contraceptive uptake.

Validity and reliability

The developed questionnaire was shared with experts to check if the questions answers the research objectives/content validity. No major comments were identified rather arrangement and grammatical suggestions were. All suggestions were addressed and before the actual data collection, the research tool was pretested on 20 participants to check for reliability. Participants were able to complete the questionnaire in 10 minutes and no concerns were raised about the tool. The collected information was entered on SPSS to determine the reliability of the tool by using a Likert-rating scale that revealed acceptable results (Cronbach alpha =0.78). The research questionnaire was available in English and Swahili versions for easy use by the study participants.

Data collection technique

Data for this study was collected by self-administration of the questionnaire and for a few women who could not read or write we interviewed them and assisted in filling in their answers. Data from the two strata ANC and postnatal were collected on alternating days. We met the participants individually as they were waiting for RCH services, explained the study, its aim, and right to participation, and informed them that their denial to participate could not affect their right to treatment. Each participant was given two copies of consent forms and after signing, they filled out the questionnaire and submitted it immediately.

Statistical analysis

The data collected was entered, cleaned, and analyzed by using SPSS for Windows version 25.0. Descriptive analysis was done to determine the frequencies and percentages for demographic characteristics and information on modern contraceptive uptake, cultural and other factors. A chi-square test was done to determine the association between the participant's characteristics and modern contraceptive uptake status, p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Multivariate regression analysis was done to determine the nature of the association between the participant's characteristics and modern contraceptive uptake.

Results

Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants

The study included 214 women and half of them had an age range of 21-30 years 107 (50%). Most of them 195 (91.1%) were Muslim and 100 (46.7%) had secondary education. The majority of the participants187 (87.4%) were married and 107 (50%) were employed (self-employed, civil servant, private) (Table 1).

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants
Full size table

Information about modern contraceptive uptake

In this study, we found that 212(99.1%) women have heard about modern contraceptives with health facilities being the main source of information 191 (45.3%). More than half of women 120(56.1%) were not users of modern contraceptives currently while injectable was the common method among the users 38 (40.4%) (Table 2).

Table 2 Information about modern contraceptive uptake
Full size table

Barriers for modern contraceptive uptake and social perception

Among the cultural barriers, the lack of power to decide on modern contraceptive use was commonly mentioned in 180 (84.1%). Women using modern contraceptives were perceived as the reason for reduced manpower in the future 161 (75.2%) and fear of divorce was identified by the majority 141 (65.9%) as another barrier affecting modern contraceptive uptake (Table 3).

Table 3 Barriers for modern contraceptive uptake and social perception
Full size table

Information received and suggestions to improve modern contraceptives uptake

In this study, participants said that the common information provided by the health care providers was showing different methods 202 (94.4%). Moreover, to improve modern contraceptive uptake, male involvement 203 (94.9%) was the main identified suggestion (Table 4).

Table 4 Information received and suggestions to improve modern contraceptives uptake
Full size table

Association between participants’ characteristics and modern contraceptive uptake

It was found that the education level and occupation of the participants had a significant association with modern contraceptive uptake p=0.011 and p=0.028 consecutively (Table 5). Moreover, multivariate logistic regression for the factors which were found to have significant association revealed that women with college/university education were 2 times more likely to use modern contraceptives than those with primary or not attended school (p=0.023, OR=2.437, CI=1.129-5.259). Furthermore, employed women were about 2 times more likely to to use modern contraceptives than unemployed/housewives (p=0.028, OR=1.844, CI=1.068-3.185) (Table 6).

Table 5 Association between participants’ characteristics and modern contraceptive uptake
Full size table
Table 6 Multivariate logistic regression of the predictors of modern contraceptive uptake among participants
Full size table

Discussion

In this study, the majority of women have heard about modern contraceptive methods and the main source of information was health facilities. A different study done in Rwanda reported that only 47% have heard about modern contraceptives [27]. Other studies reported different results where about 85% and 57% of the participants had information from radio [26, 29]. More studies also showed that friends/peers and family were the main source of information [30,31,32]. The findings in the current study may be explained by the measures that have been in place and future targets by the government through the Ministry of Health ensuring that modern contraceptive services are provided to all levels of facility [33].

In the present study, although most women have heard about modern contraceptives, the majority were currently not using any. This is similar to studies from Pakistan, Saudia, and Ajman which showed that about 75%, 55%, and 61% respectively never used any modern contraceptive methods [31, 32, 34]. Additionally, another study reported that compared to Christians, Muslims were 65% less likely to uptake modern contraceptives although they were informed and knew where to access the services [35]. Contrary, a study which was done in Oman showed that 54% of women used modern contraceptives [36]. These differences may be influenced by how families believe and practice their culture and religion as explained in a study which reported that those who find contraceptives contradicting with religion and culture give birth to children as God gives [37].

Moreover, among the users of modern contraceptives, injectables and implants were the common methods similar to a previous study where users preferred the same methods [25]. Other different methods were reported in previous studies where about 78% and 31% of the participants used condoms as a common method [32, 38]. A study which was done in Saudia revealed that pills were the common method among users 71% [39]. The findings in the present study may be because injectables might be more convenient and friendly in terms of privacy since some women do not want their husbands to know if they use modern contraceptive [38].

The present study also identified social and cultural factors as barriers to modern contraceptive uptake. Participants said that its use is against religious values and norms, accompanied with community stigmatization, the lack of power to decide to use, the need for more children, and lack of support from husband. Studies done in Oman, Ethiopia, and Pakistan also reported similar factors; need for more children 43% and 38%, 50% spouse opposition respectively [34, 36, 40]. More studies reported similar information where about 90% of the participants experienced opposition from their husbands, community stigma 55% [41, 42], need for more children by husband [43], and influence of religion [23, 32]. Contrary, two previous studies reported that about 91% and 68.5% of the women respectively had full support from their husbands on the use of modern contraceptives and support in buying and transportation [36, 44]. As for this study and those done in countries with similar cultures and religious beliefs, men have the authority and power to decide on issues related to the health of the family, if they are not ready most women will respect them because doing otherwise is perceived a disrespect [45, 46] and may lead to serious consequences including divorce.

Furthermore, it was found that women with college/university education were 2 times more likely to uptake modern contraceptives compared to those with primary or not attended school similar to findings in other previous studies [7, 25, 27, 28, 36]. In addition, the present study revealed that employed women were 2 times more likely to use modern contraceptives compared to unemployed/housewives similar to other previous studies [20, 23, 28]. The findings in the present study may be because reproductive health education and modern contraceptive information have now extended and it’s provided in schools, colleges, universities, health facilities, and media. In addition, most educated women are either employed or self-employed hence they may prefer modern contraceptive use so that they can have enough time to participate in different productive activities.

Moreover, in this study, modern contraceptive use was reported to have different community perceptions. The participants said that users of modern contraceptives were perceived as modernized. This is different from a previous study where users were considered to have bad behavior and informed consent to use from the husband was mandatory 75% [39]. Also participants said that modern contraceptive use will result in reduction of manpower in future similar to a study which reported that, God’s plan is that marriage should be fruitful and the church does not support modern contraceptive use [47]. These perceptions may be due to awareness, cultural background, and religious beliefs that can affect modern contraceptive uptake [48].

In the present study, participants had different suggestions to improve the uptake of modern contraceptives including; male involvement, community engagement for awareness, and public campaigns. Community and male partner involvement were also recommended in the previous study due to their influence on women’s decision to use modern contraceptives, including to use or discontinuation [45]. The suggestions in this study could be because women feel that male and community involvement have not been well addressed as other barriers like availability, accessibility, distribution for free, and training of experts.

Limitations of the study

This study used a stratified random sampling technique to obtain the participants; selecting participants randomly from the strata might result in selection bias but we considered different participants’ characteristics to get representativeness.

Conclusion

The finding of the present study provides a similar picture to previous studies done in settings with similar social and cultural backgrounds. However this findings provides a useful and updated information on modern contraceptive use to the important stakeholders in the studied district. The findings calls for more interventions from the Ministry of Health and other key stakeholders to plan different programs targeting male involvement, community engagement for awareness, and strengthening the quality of modern contraceptive services.

Availability of data and materials

When necessary, the research tools, dataset, and other materials supporting the results will be shared upon consultation with the corresponding author.

References

  1. Kantorová V, Wheldon MC, Ueffing P, Dasgupta ANZ. Estimating progress towards meeting women’s contraceptive needs in 185 countries: a Bayesian hierarchical modelling study. Drake AL, ed. PLoS Med. 2020;17(2):e1003026. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003026.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. WHO. Contraception. BMJ. 2019;2(3892):265–7. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/1. https://www.who.int/health-topics/contraception .

    Google Scholar 

  3. WHO. Family Planning and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Data Booklet). United Nations; 2019. https://doi.org/10.18356/e154e49d-en.

  4. Ajaero CK, Odimegwu C, Ajaero ID, Nwachukwu CA. Access to mass media messages, and use of family planning in Nigeria: a spatio-demographic analysis from the 2013 DHS. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2979-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Tdhs. Tanzania 2015-16 Demographic Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey. Tanzania 2015-16. Demogr Heal Surv Malar Indic Surv. 2016:24.

  6. Genet E, Abeje G, Ejigu T. Determinants of unmet need for family planning among currently married women in Dangila town administration, Awi Zone, Amhara regional state A cross sectional study. Reprod Health. 2015;12(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-015-0038-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Martin V, Msuya SE, Kapologwe N, Damian DJ, John B, Mahande MJ. Prevalence and determinants of modern contraceptive methods use among women of reproductive age (15–49 Years) in rural setting: a case of Kishapu District Shinyanga Region. Adv Sex Med. 2019;09(04):53–66. https://doi.org/10.4236/asm.2019.94005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Kidayi PL, Msuya S, Todd J, Mtuya CC, Mtuy T, Mahande MJ. Determinants of modern contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in tanzania: evidence from tanzania demographic and health survey data. Adv Sex Med. 2015;05(03):43–52. https://doi.org/10.4236/asm.2015.53006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Nsanya MK, Atchison CJ, Bottomley C, Doyle AM, Kapiga SH. Modern contraceptive use among sexually active women aged 15–19 years in North-Western Tanzania: results from the adolescent 360 (A360) baseline survey. BMJ Open. 2019;9(8):e030485. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030485.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Government TR, Ministry ZT, Zanzibar H. The zanzibar family planning costed implementation plan. 2022.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kavanaugh ML, Anderson RM. Contraception and beyond: The health benefits of services provided at family planning centers. Guttmacher Institute; 2013. p. 1–39. https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/health-benefits.pdf.

  12. Alemayehu M, Belachew T, Tilahun T. Factors associated with utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods among married women of reproductive age in Mekelle town, Tigray region, north Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012;12:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-12-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Durowade KA, Omokanye LO, Elegbede OE, et al. Barriers to Contraceptive uptake among women of reproductive age in a semi-urban community of Ekiti State Southwest Nigeria. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2017;27(2):121–8. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v27i2.4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Atchison CJ, Cresswell JA, Kapiga S, et al. Sexuality, fertility and family planning characteristics of married women aged 15 to 19 years in Ethiopia, Nigeria and Tanzania: a comparative analysis of cross-sectional data. Reprod Health. 2019;16(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0666-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. WHO. Primary Health Care Systems (Primasys) Case study from the United Republic of Tanzania. World Health Organization. 2017:1–16. https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1346150/retrieve.

  16. Molla M, Mitiku I, Worku A, Yamin AE. Impacts of maternal mortality on living children and families: A qualitative study from Butajira, Ethiopia. Reprod Health. 2015;12(1):S6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-12-S1-S6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Mpunga D, Lumbayi JP, Dikamba N, Mwembo A, Mapatano MA, Wembodinga G. Availability and quality of family planning services in the democratic republic of the congo: High potential for improvement. Glob Heal Sci Pract. 2017;5(2):274–85. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-16-00205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Sundararajan R, Yoder LM, Kihunrwa A, et al. How gender and religion impact uptake of family planning: results from a qualitative study in Northwestern Tanzania. BMC Womens Health. 2019;19(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0802-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Gelu II. Quantitative Research By Example. 2019:35–7.

  20. Kaniki FR. Factors influencing the use of modern contraceptive methods among rural women of child bearing age in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. J Fam Med Prim care. 2019;8(8):2582–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_345_19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Oumer M, Manaye A, Mengistu Z. Modern contraceptive method utilization and associated factors among women of reproductive age in Gondar City Northwest Ethiopia. Open Access J Contracept. 2020;11:53–67. https://doi.org/10.2147/oajc.s252970.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Randrianasolo B, Swezey T, Van Damme K, et al. Barriers to the use of modern contraceptives and implications for woman-controlled prevention of sexually transmitted infections in Madagascar. J Biosoc Sci. 2008;40(6):879–93. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932007002672.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Stephenson R, Hennink M. Barriers to family planning service use among the urban poor in Pakistan. Asia Pacific Popul J. 2005;19(2):5–26. https://doi.org/10.18356/e54a6ab6-en.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Melaku YA, Zeleke EG. Contraceptive utilization and associated factors among HIV positive women on chronic follow up care in tigray region, northern ethiopia: a cross sectional study. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094682.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Boadu I. Coverage and determinants of modern contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: further analysis of demographic and health surveys. Reprod Health. 2022;19(1):18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-022-01332-x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Ahinkorah BO, Budu E, Aboagye RG, et al. Factors associated with modern contraceptive use among women with no fertility intention in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from cross-sectional surveys of 29 countries. Contracept Reprod Med. 2021;6(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-021-00165-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Tuyishime E. Factors associated with the prevalence of contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in Rwanda: a cross-sectional study using demographic and health survey Rwanda 2010. Int J Womens Health. 2016;135(15):23–44. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:938518/FULLTEXT01.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Solanke BL. Factors influencing contraceptive use and non-use among women of advanced reproductive age in Nigeria. J Heal Popul Nutr. 2017;36(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-016-0077-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Asiimwe JB, Ndugga P, Mushomi J, ManyenyeNtozi JP. Factors associated with modern contraceptive use among young and older women in Uganda; A comparative analysis. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):926. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-926.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Sweya MN, Msuya SE, Johnson Mahande M, Manongi R. Contraceptive knowledge, sexual behavior, and factors associated with contraceptive use among female undergraduate university students in Kilimanjaro region in Tanzania. Adolesc Health Med Ther. 2016;7:109–15. https://doi.org/10.2147/ahmt.s108531.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Kanwal N, Muttappallymyalil J, Al-sharbatti S, Ismail I. Contraceptive utilisation among mothers of reproductive age in Ajman, United Arab Emirates. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2017;17(1):e50-58. https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2016.17.01.010.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Al Sheeha M. Awareness and use of contraceptives among saudi women attending primary care centers in Al-qassim, saudi arabia. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2010;4(1):11–21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3068803/.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (MoHCDEC) (Tanzania). FP2030 Country Commitments. 2021;255:1–16. https://fp2030.org/sites/default/files/Tanzania%2520FP2030%2520Commitment%2520Final%2520Jan-22%5B1%5D.pdf.

  34. Zaki KP, Johnson NE. Does women’s literacy affect desired fertility and contraceptive use in rural-urban Pakistan? J Biosoc Sci. 1993;25(4):445–54. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932000021829.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Tigabu S, Demelew T, Seid A, Sime B, Manyazewal T. Socioeconomic and religious differentials in contraceptive uptake in western Ethiopia: a mixed-methods phenomenological study. BMC Womens Health. 2018;18(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0580-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Al Kindi RM, Al Sumri HH. Prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of contraceptive use among women in Oman. East Mediterr Health J. 2019;25(7):495–502. https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.18.064.

  37. Abdi B, Okal J, Serour G, Temmerman M. “children are a blessing from God”- A qualitative study exploring the socio-cultural factors influencing contraceptive use in two Muslim communities in Kenya. Reprod Health. 2020;17(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-0898-z.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Delamou A, Samandari G, Camara BS, et al. Prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence among family planning clients in Conakry Guinea. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1811-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Abdel-Salam DM, Albahlol IA, Almusayyab RB, Alruwaili NF, Aljared MY, Alruwaili MS, et al. Prevalence, correlates, and barriers of contraceptive use among women attending primary health centers in Aljouf region, Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):3552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103552.

  40. Gonie A, Wudneh A, Nigatu D, Dendir Z. Determinants of family planning use among married women in bale eco-region, Southeast Ethiopia: a community based study. BMC Womens Health. 2018;18(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0539-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Apanga PA, Adam MA. Factors influencing the uptake of family planning services in the Talensi district Ghana. Pan Afr Med J. 2015;20:1–9. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2015.20.10.5301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. James-Hawkins L, Broaddus M. The association of attitudes about contraceptives with contraceptive use in a random sample of Colorado women. Soc Sci J. 2016;53(2):167–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2016.03.001.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Hossain M, Khan M, Ababneh F, Shaw J. Identifying factors influencing contraceptive use in Bangladesh: evidence from BDHS 2014 data. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):192. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5098-1.

  44. Balogun O, Adeniran A, Fawole A, Adesina K, Aboyeji A, Adeniran P. Effect of male partner’s support on spousal modern contraception in a low resource setting. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2016;26(5):439–48. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v26i5.5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Mekonnen W, Worku A. Determinants of low family planning use and high unmet need in Butajira District, South Central Ethiopia. Reprod Health. 2011;8(1):37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-8-37.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Blackstone SR, Nwaozuru U, Iwelunmor J. Factors influencing contraceptive use in sub-saharan Africa: a systematic review. Int Q Community Health Educ. 2017;37(2):79–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272684X16685254.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Tessema GA, Gomersall JS, Mahmood MA, Laurence CO. Factors determining quality of care in family planning services in Africa: a systematic review of mixed evidence. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):1–23. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165627.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Schenker JG, Rabenou V. Contraception: traditional and religious attitudes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1993;49(1–2):15–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-2243(93)90102-i.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the authors for their substantial contribution to the accomplishment of this study. Also, the ethical boards and institutions for granting permission to conduct the study. More critical, the study participants for their time and valuable information, without which this study couldn’t be successful.

Funding

There was no external financial support that was offered to complete this study.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Rehema Abdalla Abeid and Emmanuel Izack Sumari are co-first authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Preventive Services, Integrated Reproductive and Child Health Program, Ministry Health, Pemba, Tanzania

    Rehema Abdalla Abeid

  2. Department of Nursing Management Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

    Emmanuel Izack Sumari

  3. Department of Nursing, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China

    Chunxiang Qin

  4. Department of Community Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

    Ally Abdul Lyimo

  5. Department of Nursing, Kibosho Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, Moshi, Tanzania

    Godrian Aron Luttaay

Authors
  1. Rehema Abdalla Abeid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Emmanuel Izack Sumari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chunxiang Qin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ally Abdul Lyimo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Godrian Aron Luttaay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

RA brought the original research idea, co-developed data collection tools, collected data, and participated in manuscript writing. ES designed the research tools, performed data analysis and interpretation, participated in manuscript writing and internal review. CQ Approved the research idea, guided on research methodology, data analysis, and manuscript internal review. AL Participated in data analysis and interpretation, participated in manuscript writing and internal review. GL Participated in data analysis and interpretation, participated in manuscript writing and internal review.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Emmanuel Izack Sumari.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The ethical approval for this study was obtained from Zanzibar Research Committee. In addition, a permission letter was obtained from Chake District Hospital before beginning data collection. Furthermore, informed consent was obtained from each participant and they were informed that participation is voluntary and this will not affect their right to treatment. Also, serial numbers were used instead of the names of the participants. Data were kept secure, only the research team had access, and confidentiality was adhered to throughout the research process.

Competing interests

All authors declare no competing interests in the current study.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abeid, R.A., Sumari, E.I., Qin, C. et al. Uptake of modern contraceptive methods among women of reproductive age in Chake District-Pemba Tanzania: a descriptive crossectional study. Contracept Reprod Med 8, 35 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-023-00234-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-023-00234-y

Keywords

Contraception and Reproductive Medicine

ISSN: 2055-7426

Contact us